Flat elevation. Bacillus licheniformis at 22. Bacillus Subtilis: Morphology, Functions and Role in Disease Management. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 17: Mycobacterium smegmatis morphology (Enlarged view). This is desired because it is cheap and nutritious. The water droplets (exudate) that can be seen on the outer edges of the colony, not in the center, is a result of respiration. It is also resistant to some commonly used antibiotics, including oxacillin and nafcillin. Abstract. Novozymes Biofungicide Green Releaf contains B. licheniformis strain SB3086 as an active main ingredient. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle, Manufacture of Enzymes, Chemicals, Antibiotics. They include the following: Image 11: A colony of yeast on the agar plate. With antibiotic resistance on the increase, new therapies for bacterial infections are receiving a lot of attention. Biology Dictionary. Cotyledonary necrosis and suppurative inflammation occur with fetal infection resulting from fetal bacteremia or ingestion of contaminated amniotic fluid. Color is whitish and may become brown. 2004;5(10):R77. Bacillus mycoides . FIG. of biosurfactants . The genus Bacillus covered a great diversity of strains and some of them are strictly aerobic, while others are facultative anaerobic. Shape A bacterial colony can manifest in various shapes which include but not limited to the following: Spiral Bacteria that are twisted or helical in shape which looks like little corkscrews. Because it is capable of forming endospores that can be easily disseminated, B. licheniformis can be isolated from a variety of places, though it is mainly associated with plant materials. It is an aerobic, rod-shaped spore-forming microorganism that can spread in extreme cold, heat, and even disinfected environments. The ability to turn waste feathers into feed would reduce feed costs and decrease the need for pollutants currently used to degrade these feathers [3]. Image 13: A colony morphology of bacteria on MacConkey agar. of B. licheniformis used for the production of a hydrolase enzyme (P87-1511), and two recombinant strains for production of alpha-amylase (P89-1071, and P92-50). Colonies are described based on size, shape, texture, elevation, pigmentation, and effect on growth medium. exhibit large, flat colonies on non-selective media. ruled out continue with routine identification major characteristics of bacillus anthracis gram stain morphology large gram positive rods spores may be . (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 31: Thiomonas-like bacteria morphology (Enlarged view). B. licheniformis produces many extracellular enzymes, including proteases and lipases which aid in digestion of proteins and fats, respectively. A fluorescence reporter plasmid system for enabling a Bacillus strain to fluoresce, wherein the Bacillus strain fluoresces in its dormant endospore state and/or in its metabolically active vegetative state, and wherein the plasmid system is designed to function extra-chromosomally. The organism secretes a keratinase which is capable of complete degradation of a feather within 24 hours, as feathers are made up of 90% keratin. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus are some of the strains that are associated with food spoilage and with a wide range of different clinical conditions (Turnbull, 1997). The bacteria release exoenzymes that hydrolyze the agar. Washington, DC 20036, 2023. Part of colony demonstrating irregular form, lobate margin. 26. As a group, this bacteria is observed as jagged branches of opaque white or pale yellow fuzz. Bacillus subtilis PspoIIA-gfp viewed at low magnification. They vary in color, share, pigmentation, and other characteristics. FIG. Biologydictionary.net Editors. The strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis GL174 and its endophytic attitude was validated by plating surface-sterilized inoculated cuttings. This bacterium can survive harsh environments by turning into spore-form; when conditions are good, it will turn back into a vegetative state. 24. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 36: Pseudomonas aeruginosa morphology (Enlarged view). (Volker Briken, University of Maryland, College Park, MD), Figure 34: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). FIG. 2011; 1(3): 120-126. 8. Color ranges from opaque to white. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 54: Unknown Organism Exhibiting Rhizoid Growth. [21][22][23][24] B. licheniformis is also known to contaminate food, especially dairy,[25] as well as causing "ropiness" in bread. 2006 May. Its optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37C. Phylum Firmicutes, Class Bacilli, Order Bacillales, Family Bacillaceae, Genus Bacillus. Researchers are trying to recycle bird feathers by turning them into nutritious food for livestock. High capacity of secretion of the alkaline serine protease has made B. licheniformis one of the most important bacteria in industrial enzyme production. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 2: Staphylococcus aureus morphology (Enlarged view). Serratia marcescens cultivated on trypticase soy agar. The bacterium grew to a fractal colony through the diffusion-limited aggregation process, a round colony reminiscent of the Eden model, a colony with a straight and densely branched structure similar to the dense branching morphology, a colony spreading without any openings, and a colony with concentric rings, on plates with various agar and FIG. The bacterium was subcultured by cutting a chunk of the agar containing the organism and placing it in the middle of a TSA plate then incubating for 1 week at 37 C. Bacillus licheniformis 16S rDNA [1] FIG. A. and Vicente A. Food poisoning can cause cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and fatalities by B. licheniformis toxins, though rare, have been reported. B. licheniformis is naturally competent for genetic transformation. Diagnosis was performed according to Gram stain, motility, shape forming, aerobic condition and other tests. Colonial. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. It is also a facultative anaerobe. Bacillus licheniformis is a hardy probiotic which is commonly combined with other Bacillus bacteria for optimal probiotic effects. FIG. Bacillus licheniformis is commonly associated with food spoilage and poisoning. The Bacillus subtilis strain showed various colony growth patterns on the agar plate. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. The cells often occur in pairs and chains, where the cells are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 53: Unknown Organism Exhibiting Glossy Rhizoid Growth. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is the type species of the genus Bacillus, commonly used as a model organism to describe the structure of different species of the genus. FIG. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Since about 80% of the coding sequence of B. licheniformis contain B. subtilis orthologs, it is considered part of the subtilis group. [5]. FIG. "Seaweed could fight tooth decay scientists". 51. Colony morphology of an organism is necessary for its identification. B. licheniformis is also known to cause food poisoning in humans; especially high in contamination rates are products such as raw milk, dairy, vegetables, processed baby foods, and cooked meats. Weakly irregular form. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative . [2] Subtilisin Carlsberg (P00780) secreted by B. licheniformis is used as a detergent protease. The ability of B. licheniformis to form endospores allows it to survive in the harsh environments required to manufacture industrial enzymes, chemicals, and antibiotics. B. licheniformis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, endospore-forming organism, which forms colonies of a moderate (2-4 mm) diameter, exceptionally variable in their appearance and often. FIG. microbial colonies that showed mucus morphology were streaked on TSA plates to obtain pure cultures. For which exoenzyme does this test? (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 20: Bacillus thuringiensis morphology (Enlarged view). The complete nucleotide sequence of Bacillus licheniformis consists of the ATCC 14580 genome, which has a circular chromosome of 4,222,336 bp (base pairs) which contains 4,208 predicted protein-coding genes (average size of 873 bp), 7 rRNA operons, and 72 tRNA genes. Circular form. (Bobbi Pritt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Figure 11: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. FIG. FIG. These strains can grow in media with 5-40% NaCl concentrations. cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Pulvinate elevation. Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. FIG. Streptococcus pneumoniae cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar and showing beta-hemolysis. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. 19. It is an apathogenic soil organism that is mostly associated with plant and plant materials in nature. FIG. This text tells us that up to 5% of the B. subtilis genome is dedicated to the production of antimicrobial compounds (AMCs). Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod, with colonies exhibiting a unique ground-glass appearance, and lacking hemolysis and motility.In addition to these phenotypes, several others traits are characteristic of B. anthracis such as susceptibility to gamma phage, the presence of two virulence plasmids (pX01 and pX02), and specific . Subtilosin has proven antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. 48. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 15: Nocardia asteroides morphology (Enlarged view). Proteases are often included in detergents, and amylases in the desizing of textiles and sizing of papers. As Bacillus subtilis biofilms in worm intestines seem to lengthen the worms lifespan, many human users hope for the same effect. Note the lemon-yellow colonies characteristic of this organism. 3. (7) Wecke T, Veith B, Ehrenreich A, Mascher T. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13082, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_006492.pdf, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=61404. Irregular form, undulate margin. Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species.The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Blbie V., Pozsgi N., 1985, Bacteriologie Medical, vol.ll, Ed. 2006 Nov;188(21):7500-11. The B. licheniformis chromosome contains large regions that are colinear with the genomes of B. subtilis and Bacillus halodurans, and approximately 80% of the predicted B. licheniformis coding sequences have B. subtilis orthologs [1]. Biotechnol. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 55: Isolation of an Unknown Bacterium on Trypticase Soy Agar. (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a ubiquitous soil and plant-associated bacterial species which shows structural and adaptative responses to the environment. Circular form, entire margin. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Bacillus subtilis bacteria have rigid cell walls composed of a thick peptidoglycan (sugar and amino acid molecule) called murein. Bacillus licheniformis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium. Since it can grow in alkaline conditions, it produces a protease that can survive at high pH levels. SC-1. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. B. licheniformis exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 58: An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar. By studying the effect of two antimicrobial agents on the vegetative cells and spores of . Cooked meats, raw milk, vegetables, and processed baby foods are also at risk. White hyphal growth can be seen throughout the colony with a slight pink coloration in the center. This is because when under stress, these bacteria (including B. subtilis ) transform into spores and become dormant. The initial sample was obtained from a swab taken from the bottom of a shoe and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. (1) Pepe O., Blaiotta G., Moschetti G., Greco T., Villani F. (2) Pereira R., Martins J., Mateus C., Teixeira J. B. licheniformis can also give more information about the evolution of molting and patterns of color in birds due to its feather degrading capability. As these bacteria extract carbon and produce heat, the plastic polymers slowly degrade. The sample was obtained from a floor and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. Contamination with this bacterium will make the bread sticky and stringy; the ropy bread will also start to develop a strong odor after contamination. The American Society for Microbiology, Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. The pathogenesis of Bacillus licheniformis, based on experimental studies, suggests there is localization in the placentomes after bacteremia. B. licheniformis has proved itself as a multipurpose organism and has gained popularity along with B. subtilis. Epub 2004 Sep 13. Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. (4). A. B. licheniformis is also an important ingredient in laundry detergent. (9). 43. Nocardia asteroides cultivated on trypticase soy agar. 42. FIG. It can even go as far as causing abortions in pregnancies and impair sperm motility. FIG. (6) It tends to form spores in soil which makes it desirable to be used for the industrial purposes such as the production of enzymes, antibiotics, and small metabolites. A. Bacillus licheniformis B. Bacillus megaterium C. Bacillus globigii D. Bacillus mycoides 39. Morphology of Bacillus subtilis. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 38: Streptococcus salivarius morphology (Enlarged view). 49. Streptococcus salivarius cultivated onMitis-salivarius agar. (5), Bacillus licheniformis is a spore-forming soil organism that contributes to nutrient cycling and has antifungal activity. Non-typical Bacillus strains may be very small and spore formation often fails to occur. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. one double-stranded DNA molecule contained within a circular chromosome. 10-day culture of Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. 16. FIG. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 14: Pasteurella multocida morphology (Enlarged view). Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of these strains were studied by optimizing their growth conditions such as pH, NaCl and temperature. Ecologists are studying the effects of B. licheniformis on bird feathers. Irregular form, lobate margin. 57. The death kinetics for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 spores in cloudberry jam was examined under ohmic heat inactivation and conventional heat inactivation. (7) Wecke T, Veith B, Ehrenreich A, Mascher T. Cell envelope stress response in Bacillus licheniformis: integrating comparative genomics, transcriptional profiling, and regulon mining to decipher a complex regulatory network. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. A dry, dull, matte surface appears toward the outer edge of one end of the colony. Can J Microbiol 51: 191 196. B. licheniformis can also cause food-borne gastro-enteritis, which is infection of the gut that can lead to a life threatening condition called septicaemia. Colony morphology can sometimes be useful in bacterial identification. Irregular form, undulate margin. B. licheniformis is a motile organism capable of fermenting sugars (lactose, glucose, mannitol) and excreting useful extracellular enzymes including but not limited to: catalase, casease, urease, deaminase, protease, and lipase. The initial sample was obtained from a swab taken from the bottom of a shoe and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. Sheep blood agar (SBA) Colonies are nonhemolytic, flat or slightly convex with irregular edges and ground-glass appearance. It is also used to produce bacitracin, a peptide topical and intramuscular antibiotic. morphology is variable, and may give the appearance of a mixed culture. These have an onset time of 2-14 hours and last no longer than 36 hours. Birds that tend to stay on the ground more than the air (i.e. 29. It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds. This gives researchers a lot of material to work with in the race to produce a bacteriocide that pathogenic bacteria do not become resistant to. Epub 2004 Sep 13. New York, Academic Press. Septicaemia is blood poisoning, and is classified as having a large amount of bacteria in the blood. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microorganism_Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=118532, Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College. FIG. Keratinolytic activities of B. licheniformis could aid in converting this by-product into a useful protein source for animal feed. FIG. Results of studies show that the ohmic heating has a quicker death kinetic rate, meaning shorter and less aggressive treatments can be used to kill off B. licheniformis. Bacillus licheniformis is a nonpathogenic soil organism. The future may provide a microplastics solution in the form of specific bacterial combinations where, in the same way as we combine cytotoxic drugs to fight specific forms of cancer, plastic-digesting combinations can be used to degrade different types of polyethylene. Bacillus licheniformis is a common cause. Can J Microbiol 51: 191 196. this information and the choices you have about how we use such information. Four case reports]", "Recurrent sepsis due to Bacillus licheniformis", "Bacillus licheniformis Bacteremia: Five Cases Associated with Indwelling Central Venous Catheters", "Genotyping of dairy Bacillus licheniformis isolates by high resolution melt analysis of multiple variable number tandem repeat loci", "Genetic diversity and involvement in bread spoilage of Bacillus strains isolated from flour and ropy bread", Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of a Feather Degrading Bacteria, Williams et al., 1990, Bacterial Degradation of Black and White Feathers, Goldstein et al., 2003, Complete genome of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC14580 - publication, Microbial nanotechnologists, August 1, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=1117931781, Articles needing additional references from January 2012, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 09:04. An unknown fungal isolate on trypticase soy agar exhibiting small round colonies. 50. 6. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, andKyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 5: Sinorhizobium meliloti morphology (Enlarged view). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 39: Lactobacillus plantarum morphology (Enlarged view). New York, Nova Science Publishers. Gerardi, M. (2016). Bacillus licheniformis was found to be the only isolate in 3 cases of bovine abortion. On agar media: colonies become opaque with dull to rough surface, hair-like sparrows)and on the water (i.e. 15. These spores are quite tolerant of heat, cold, radiation, and other environmental stresses. (3) Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. Whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic testing of 104 strains of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus paralicheniformis from a variety of sources and time periods was used to characterize the genetic background and evolution of (putative) antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. 427, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C. Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E., Cowan S.T., Holt J.G., Liston J., Murray R.G.E., Niven C.F., Ravin A.W., Stanier R.W. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 49: Bacillus cereus colonial morphology. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 27: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). Bacillus cereus is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, on vegetables, and in many raw and processed foods. The image below shows how Gram-positive bacteria have a much thicker peptidoglycan layer (in purple). Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. . (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 40: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). The Bacillus is a heterogenous genera of bacteria with species that contain enormous antimicrobial compounds that act as agent of fighting several microbial diseases 8. 2004;5(10):R77. Chester. The pigment is opaque white-beige with a mucoid surface towards the center of the colony and a matte surface towards the edges. Streak plate isolation showing colonial morphology of Bacillus cereus on trypticase soy agar (TSA) incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. : #22892] Cell shape: rod-shaped [Ref. In this study, culture conditions were optimized for Bacillus sp. This sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C. 18. Bacillus subtilis PabrB-gfp after 14 days viewed at high magnification. A) lipase B) amylase C) gelatinase 43. Colony Characteristics. MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE Typical Bacillus spp. [5][6] It was initially named Clostridium licheniforme by H. Weigmann[7] and renamed Bacillus licheniformis by Frederick D. Strain BDBP 071 was successively identified by colony morphology, Gram staining, cell morphology, physio-biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. 7(4):204-211. FIG. Independent.ie. FIG. (1) Rey M.W., Ramaiya P., Nelson B.A., Brody-Karpin S.D., Zaretsky E.J., Tang M., Lopez de Leon A., Xiang H., Gusti V., Clausen I.G., Olsen P.B., Rasmussen M.D., Andersen J.T., Jorgensen P.L., Larsen T.S., Sorokin A., Bolotin A., Lapidus A., Galleron N., Ehrlich S.D., Berka R.M. Ten isolates were characterized by morphological, microscopic, biochemical, molecular, and physiological characteristics. sparrows)and on the water (i.e. As with the shape, bacteria colony is usually fairly circular. B. licheniformis also is known for contaminating dairy products. 27. Circular form, entire margin. Based on colony morphology, microscopic observations, and cultural, biochemical, and physiological properties, the bacterium was given the name Bacillus spp., Alcaligenes spp., Erwinia spp., Serratia spp., or Pseudomonas spp. In this study, four strains were already isolated and selected previously (D1, D2, X1, and X2) with high probiotic potential. B. licheniformis, although usually associated with the gut and gastrointestinal tract, can also cause distress in other parts of the body. Elevation it pertains to the cross-sectional shape of the colony or side view of the colony such as: Margin It pertains to the magnified shape of the colonys edge which includes: Opacity it pertains to the characteristics of the colony such as: Image 5: Images of the bacterial colony with a varying degree of pigmentation. The mucoid phenotype is due to the presence of a thick polysaccharide capsule. They can grow as a white patch with a glossy surface. Mycobacterium smegmatis cultivated on trypticase soy agar. . (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 56: Close-up View of the Edges of an Unknown Bacterium on Trypticase Soy Agar. Bacillus Subtilis. ZBP10 inorder to increase amylase production using submerged fermentation. Catalase-positive. (4). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 16: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). 2. Gordon R.E., Haynes W.C., Pang C.H. The sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 19: Mycobacterium marinum morphology (Enlarged view). The desirable properties of this protease are its prevention of clothes shrinkage and fading colors due to its capability to be used at lower temperatures. could help reduce the prevalence of dental caries. 47. More than 200 Bacillus species exist; most do not cause disease. Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, , mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats. Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are closely related species . Weakly umbonate elevation. cultivated on trypticase soy agar. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 50: Serratia marcescens colonial morphology. Laboratories use B. subtilis when studying and finding new treatments for infection. Phenol is a highly persistent environmental pollutant and is toxic to living organisms. Researchers are trying to turn bird feathers into a nutritious livestock feed by fermenting non-digestable proteins on bird feathers with B. licheniformis. Among the most important species of bacteria that produce medically importan antibiotics are beloging to the genus Bacillus9. Sibakov M: Eur J Biochem: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09527.x: 1986 * Phylogeny: Isolation and the 5'-end nucleotide sequence of Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene.
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