But sometimes youre not part of the story: oral histories and ways of remembering and telling. Atkinson P, Delamont S. Rescuing narrative from qualitative research. An official website of the United States government. Ntinda K. Constructing a framework for use of psychometric tests in schools: a consumer-oriented approach. Qualitative and mixed methods in public health. Core story creation: analysing narratives to construct stories for learning. Narrative research like all qualitative research does not set out to be generalisable and may only involve a small set of interviews. 29 0 obj London: SAGE Publications Ltd. IvyPanda. Wood K, Chase E, Aggleton P. Telling the truth is the best thing: teenage orphans experiences of parental AIDS-related illness and bereavement in Zimbabwe. Open Nurs J. Trahar S. Beyond the story itself: narrative inquiry and autoethnography in intercultural research in higher education [41 paragraphs]. According to Kim (2016), the premise of narrative thinking comprises of three components, the storytellers narrative schema, his or her prior knowledge and experience, and cognitive strategies-yields a story that facilitates an understanding of the others and oneself in relation to others. The .gov means its official. 28263106). Another study focused on the mental mechanisms of coping has been performed by Thompson et al. and transmitted securely. Webthe narrative knowing has been overshadowed by the paradigmatic cognition in research. (2018). Narrative interviews; Qualitative research methods. The third method presupposes more than one interviewer (Haydon, Browne, & van der Riet, 2018). membership is a diverse mix of teachers, researchers, administrators, material writers, and curriculum developers whose primary Narrative Research One of qualitative researchs strengths lies in its ability to tell a story, often from the perspective of those directly involved in it. The procedures for calculating summary absolute effects and their heterogeneity are similar to those for relative effects (Greenland, 1987; Deeks et al., 2001). For example, conducting interviews on campus, procuring private school district or college email lists, obtaining archival documents, etc. Narrative inquiry: seeking relations as modes of interactions. The strengths of the systematic review include the narrow focus of the question, the comprehensive search for evidence, the criterion-based selection of relevant evidence, the rigorous appraisal of validity, the objective or quantitative summary, and the evidence-based inferences (Cook et al., 1997). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Reporting on So, it is a damaging macro-level policy issue with weaknesses and limitations because it limits a group of people who are otherwise qualified for the job. Still, the method is regarded as highly helpful, and correct preparation may eliminate the negative issues. 2022 Oct 3:10.1111/josi.12555. Denzin NK, Lincoln Y. Epub 2020 Sep 24. December 10, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/narrative-inquiry-as-a-research-design/. In-depth, semi-structured interviews are the norm. Member checking, also known as participant or respondent validation, is a technique for exploring the credibility of results. Narrative inquirers understand lives as always in the midst, always in motion, which has significant implications for the ways in which they represent their work. In the context of the health, social sciences, and education, narrative research is both a data gathering and interpretive or analytical framework. Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. An important characteristic of narrative inquiry or research rests in a view of the research process as relational. Why study peoples stories? Int J Environ Res Public Health. As one of the first few steps in the research process, a step that is likely a foreign task to your students, its imperative that the process is broken down into simplified, manageable tasks. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/narrative-inquiry-as-a-research-design/. Nurse Res. Problem. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.00331, Haydon, G., & der Riet, P. van. Andrews M, Squire C, Tamboukou M, editors. The choice is more open for many other scientific and clinical topics. The life stories of homeless youths. Narrative inquiry attempts to understand how people think through events and what they value. One of the many types of statistical summarization would be helpful to readers. % Some endeavors in this direction have already been made by scholars. J Educ Res. The most commonly accepted definition of narrative inquiry is that it is a way of understanding experience. Microsoft Word - 235_315_3USER (2016). government site. It meets these twin goals admirably by having people make sense of their lived health and well-being in their social context as they understand it, including their self-belief-oriented stories. What is the lived experience of a home carer for a terminal cancer patient? 2007 Aug;29(4):353-60 For this issue, we asked two researchers to discuss narrative WebPhilosopher Andy Clark speculates that the ways in which minds deal with narrative (second-hand information) and memory (first-hand perception) are cognitively Narrative inquiry embraces narrative as both the method and phenomena of study. Member Checking is recommended. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2000. Frank AW. Frank AW. 1999;13(1):5770. Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_79, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901308, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. London: Sage; 2005. p. 73368. Literature reviews may also formulate questions for further research and inquiry. Riessman CK, Quinney L. Narrative in social work: a critical review. Throughout the article, the author refers to educational 2006;16(1):16472. PMC At this point, the researcher must not interrupt the speaker. Hence, a qualitative study conducted by Russ (1999) was explored as an exemplar study Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Caracciolo M. Narrative, meaning, interpretation: an enactivist approach. December 10, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/narrative-inquiry-as-a-research-design/. 2005;7(3):16788. WebThe following model in Figure 1 summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methodology. Freeman M. Autobiographical understanding and narrative inquiry. The effect of person-centered narrative therapy on happiness and death anxiety of elderly people. What is it like to live with cerebral palsy? Narrative inquiry is a relatively new but highly important type of research design that allows scholars to obtain the necessary data directly from informants. Hence, a qualitative study conducted by Russ (1999) was explored as an exemplar study The lived experience of homeless youth: A narrative approach. As a peer-reviewed journal, TQ's primary focus is to link theory with practice and to address the practical concerns of English language educators. Published in a leading research journal, the article signaled narrative inquiry as a research methodology as well as a way to understand experience as a narrative phenomenon. Thus, rather than discount the possibilities of combining what may appear to be distinct and incompatible approaches to qualitative research, we feel it is important to examine this trend more thoughtfully. Narrative interviews are considered a powerful tool for data collection. Chichester: Wiley-Balckwell; 2009. Contemp Fam Ther. (2014). Neither the systematic reviews with their narrow scope nor the narrative reviews with their individuality can satisfy the range of topics for review. endstream endobj startxref In SAGE Research Methods Foundations, edited by Paul Atkinson, Sara Delamont, Alexandru Cernat, Joseph W. Sakshaug, and Richard A. Williams. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Colorado State University. qhqnqN3&(jp5&#L>2l_P$uY7&k^@/pT. Only paralinguistic and non-verbal methods of encouragement to keep talking can be employed. Rhodes C, Brown AD. This chapter presents a brief overview of the narrative research approaches as forms of inquiry based on storytelling and premised on the truth value of the stories to best represent the tellers life world. ` b - 172.104.178.68. Chin Nurs Res. Nurs Inq. Caine, Vera, Andrew Estefan, and D. J. Clandinin. 2nd ed. 2013;23(3):4538. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Illness and autobiographical work: dialogue as narrative destabilization. Tips for Using Narrative Inquiry in an Applied Manuscript, Summary of the Elements of a Qualitative Narrative Inquiry Design, http://dx.doi.org./10.1177/1049732316654870, https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465839, https://www-doi-org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.4135/9781473985179. 2007 Mar;14(1):35-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2007.00350.x. Immanent questions contain the topics that the respondent has brought about, and they do not necessarily coincide with permanent ones (Muylaert et al., 2014). E et. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. p. 25179. WebAn important characteristic of narrative inquiry or research rests in a view of the research process as relational. WebAn in-depth analysis of five craftartists using narrative research methods as a model ofthe analysis for the systematic study of life stories and identity. hbbd```b``.d8dsoNElJv0BEd"LBV9U professional specifically for you? In contrast to the social sciences, the interest in and use of narrative research within nursing is relatively new. 1. Therefore, it is necessary to develop research in this direction. <>stream Disclaimer. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2000. Jeon YH, Kraus SG, Jowsey T, Glasgow NJ. endobj Thirdly, storytelling offers a high degree of openness and reliability in case all the phases of the interview are arranged properly. Also, most applied doctoral students doing an educational narrative inquiry study will want to use a study site to recruit their participants. Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences pp 411423Cite as. <> Handbook of qualitative research. Ellis C, Bochner AP. In contrast, the rigour of a systematic review is needed for effectiveness of diagnostic and treatment interventions and for the outcomes of natural and therapeutic exposures, including adverse events and costs. (2018). During the fourth phase, the researcher can ask only one question, which involves encouraging the speaker to continue the narration. A Narrative Inquiry Into the Experience of Being a Victim of Gun Violence. The primary purpose for a narrative inquiry study is participants provide the researcher with their life experiences through thick rich stories. Toolis, E. E., & Hammack, P. L. (2015). Can Pharm J (Ott). By continuing to use this site you consent to receive cookies. WebPersonal Narrative Essay 2 This is something I have done a lot; writing essays about myself. 3 0 obj During the research process, the researcher and participant work Login or create a profile so that "Narrative Inquiry as a Research Design." Williams and Baumgartner (2014) have concentrated on community work with homeless youth and its effect on the populations mental state. Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Research Methods has to offer. This list of objectives for reviews is more easily satisfied by systematic reviews, which use explicit methods to methodically search, critically appraise and synthesize the available literature on a specific issue. Ethnography, Observational Research, and Narrative Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_79, eBook Packages: Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. SAGE Research Methods Video https://www-doi-org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.4135/9781473985179, O Toole, J. Also, it is important to keep in mind that no contradictions or arguments should be encouraged by the questions. J Geogr High Educ. Look for the words HTML or . "Narrative Inquiry as a Research Design." Williams, B. D., & Baumgartner, B. Narrative research: A comparison of two restorying data analysis approaches. These reviews illustrate what knowledge and ideas have been established, what the strengths and weaknesses of these ideas are, and identify controversies in the literature. dL\$A?0'.h8wgMBtQh Wang CC, Geale SK. WebRESEARCH ISSUES TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of qualitative and quantita-tive research. al, 2010) the combination of textual and metric analysis of a source code can be used for Show More Related The choices that the reviewer makes to address the variable conditions and uncertainties may be conservative, strict and exclusive, or liberal, open and inclusive. The most evident advantage of storytelling is the authenticity of the data. 4 Mar 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036771087, Caine, Vera, Andrew EstefanD. Careers. Central to each narrative inquiry is the ongoing engagement between researchers and participants; this is visible in narrative inquirers commitment to co-compositions. This is known as alignment to the topic and program, and is critical in producing a successful manuscript. 724 0 obj <>stream National Library of Medicine The contributors influence the development of the profession by bridging research, scholarly discourse, and practice. 10 December. Narratives may come closer to representing the context and integrity of people's lives than more quantitative means of research. Write a research paper on agriculture and the environment. Limitations Some people may find it particularly challenging to tell their story to a researcher in this way rather than be asked a series of questions like in a television or radio interview. True, one may approach the study 666 0 obj <> endobj Narrative reviews generally are comprehensive and cover a wide range of issues within a given topic, but they do not necessarily state or follow rules about the search for evidence. In qualitative research the researcher is the primary instrument. An infusion of systematic review methods would strengthen narrative reviews and in turn systematic reviews could benefit from the presentation strengths of narrative reviews. The COVID-19 pandemic and the requirement for social distancing led to the closure of extracurricular activities that usually involve teamwork and collaboration, such as math clubs. Cannuscio, C. C., Dupuis, R., Graves, A., Hanson, C., & Hersh, S. (2015). In: Maree K, Ebersohn L, editors. Human beings live lives that are shaped by their experiences within personal, familial, social, institutional, professional, linguistic, cultural, and historical narratives. Narrative interviews require much preparation and dictate a specific line of conduct on the part of interviewers during the conversation. For clinical questions, the interventions, outcomes and measures of effect may vary: the effect measures in treatment studies include odds ratios, relative risks and absolute differences. Research on the design and effectiveness of extracurricular mathematical activities that aim to promote student interest and improve mathematical skills is limited, For example, the historical review is an irreplaceable means of tracing the development of a scientific principle or clinical concept, but the narrative thread could be lost in the strict rules of systematic review. Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. WebThe human factor is the greatest strength and the fundamental weakness of phenomenological qualitative inquiry and analysisa scientific two-edged sword (Patton, 2002, p. 433). Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology. 2005;4(4):391412. The first comprehensive and interdisciplinary overview of the developing methodology of narrative inquiry. Learn More about Embedding icon link (opens in new window). Narrative Inquiry as a Research Design. Narrative inquiry is based on John Deweys philosophy which presupposes that experience is situational, temporal, and relational. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 48(1), 14-20. Sch Inq Nurs Pract. Muylaert et al. Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158516675217. In: Clandinin DJ, editor. Scholars prepare surveys, ask for peoples views, or monitor the behaviors of their subjects. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. Lifekills and career counselling. Sage Publications. Kayi Ntinda . Collegian, 25(1), 125-129. Lai DWL, Ruan YX, Wang JJ, Liu EHS, Zhou JJ. Riebschleger, Day, and Damashek (2015) have investigated the homeless youths perceptions of trauma, which is directly related to the selected topic of interest. Often recorded as biography, life history or in the case of older/ancient traditional story recording - oral history. https://deakin.libguides.com/qualitative-study-designs, https://doi-org.ezproxy-f.deakin.edu.au/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000406, https://doi-org.ezproxy-f.deakin.edu.au/10.1080/09638288.2017.1323234, http://ezproxy.deakin.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00097a&AN=deakin.b2351301&site=eds-live, http://ezproxy.deakin.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00097a&AN=deakin.b3657335&authtype=sso&custid=deakin&site=eds-live&scope=site, Recordings of oral history (documents can be used as support for correlation and triangulation of information mentioned in interview.). 2nd ed. Don't miss our session tomorrow around mental health - the research findings and strategic opportunities Part of Springer Nature. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036771087. Find step-by-step guidance to complete your research project. Whether a systematic review of randomized controlled trials adheres to the guidelines can easily be evaluated by means of a widely used checklist (the QUORUM statement) (Moher et al., 1999). The primary interview and a follow-up interview to address any additional questions that may arise from the interview transcriptions and/or member checking. Nurse Res. Even when the search has been exhaustive, there are no simple guides on how to interpret conflicting results and whether to accept apparently outlying studies. The goal is to ensure that the methods of all reviews should be explicit, transparent, clearly stated and reproducible by interested readers. Therefore, the prospective topic is Using the narrative approach to analyzing the psychological problems of homeless youth.. Practice. The Handbook outlines the historical development and philosophical underpinnings of narrative inquiry as well as describes different forms of narrative inquiry. 2002 Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) The third stage is the longest and most important since here, the interviewee tells his or her story. Narrative methods for the human sciences. WebAn important thing is to see the strengths and weaknesses of methodologies, theories and finding of literature that the researcher has collected and read. A significant feature of a successful narrative inquiry is employing only one type of language by the interviewer. Qualitative research interviewing: reflections on power, silence and assumptions. \$@{Ow)qzGCbul3 s@E;K@!I_~p1MdIL4yD!4O#-q"m,Nl%I-LL}#p(IOCpK_/3n)8Mi{3kL9m(v@k)d$N DB^-"P#EZ"7NdiHO n GacD?Fdl(8NY3g>y?3Axh G6*Yp:f.yeKNk wc"+2FbFtsy9] Narrative inquiry: Experience matters. (2020) 'Narrative Inquiry as a Research Design'. Retrieved from, Padgett, D. (2012). In: Clandinin DJ, editor. One theory in Narrative inquiry as a research methodology exploring person centred care in nursing. During the research process, the researcher and LLZ`YAMg`h Connelly FM, Clandinin DJ. Dewey, J. This method seems reliable because of direct communication with the interviewee. Tsianakas V, Maben J, Wiseman T, Robert G, Richardson A, Madden P, Griffin M, Davies EA. Recognizing that there is a need for both systematic and narrative reviews, could one review type learn from the other? The dialogical ethics of narrative analysis. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. Its First of all, it is easier to arrange personal conversations with homeless young people than to gather a large cohort of participants for some survey. <> WebIntroduction Narrative interviews place the people being interviewed at the heart of a research study. 2 0 obj Because readers value transparency and reproducibility, some narrative reviews could gain by drawing from the rigour of systematic reviews. These questions are the ones referring to research questions that develop from ones approach to the study and the analysis of literature (Muylaert et al., 2014). Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(4), 339-360. Narrative inquiry was adopted almost two decades ago from higher education into a variety of sciences, including psychology and health care. Their formulaic nature can be boring to read, but this could be countered by non-technical idiomatic language, novel approaches to graphics, and new ways to deal with the baggage of massive tables. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. Youth & Society, 48(1), 58-76. 2004;71(3):691710. h]g&'Z@Ni$syn1v`-;t)w(P@65dq The experience of living with chronic heart failure: a narrative review of qualitative studies. Sakshaug, & R.A. Williams (Eds. Narrative inquiry: A relational research methodology suitable to explore narratives of health and illness. Narrative researchers collect stories from individuals retelling of their life experiences to a particular phenomenon. PScript5.dll Version 5.2.22010-08-25T13:56:20+02:00 %PDF-1.6 % Narrative therapy as career counselling. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(17), 2093-2097. doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1323234, Liamputtong, P. (2009). and narrative inquiry have been defined and largely accepted WebSome things you might want to do that we can help you with: 1. $% ! Thus, the systematic review involves explicit, transparent methods which are clearly stated, and reproducible by others. Please save your results to "My Self-Assessments" in your profile before navigating away from this page. 2016;12(10):11726. Narrative inquirers understand lives as always in the midst, always in motion, which has significant implications for the ways in which they represent their work. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. View or download all content my institution has access to. Narrative inquiry records the experiences of an individual or small group, revealing the lived experience or particular perspective of that individual, usually primarily through interview which is then recorded and ordered into a chronological narrative. Background knowledge, evolving concepts and controversy require the flexibility of a narrative review with broad coverage and situational choices about the inclusion of evidence. 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Ntinda, K. (2019). School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia. J Psychol Afr. Qualitative Psychology, 2(1), 50-68. Crotty M. The foundations of social research: meaning and perspectives in research process. 2009; Drew, , 2007; Floersch, Longhofer, Kranke, & Townsend, 2010). Bochner AP. What is it like for parents to have their children die young? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Long-term knowledge retention. Google Scholar. Narrative inquiry: experience and story in qualitative research. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. FREE PDFill PDF and Image Writer Because of the rigor that is required for a narrative inquiry study, it is recommended that two interviews with the same participant be conducted. Fauser, Balancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews, Human Reproduction Update, Volume 11, Issue 2, March/April 2005, Pages 103104, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmh058. Qualitative research methods. A Case Study of Baltimore City Residents. In September 2007, TQ will focus on Language Policies and TESOL: Perspectives From Practice. London: Sage; 2013. For each question there may be multiple studies that use different designs and inclusion criteria. Appel D, Papaikonomou M. Narratives on death and bereavement from three South African cultures: an exploratory study. 2015;2(2):1958. Soc Sci Med. Often cited as philosophical grounding for Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (2003). Understanding motivations and behaviours of our influencers: What can pharmacists learn from their leaders? They are a means of collecting people's own stories about their experiences of health and illness. We briefly summarise how narrative Solution. Narrative inquiry and the study of collaborative branding activity. Riessman CK. WebPharma Market Research Conference PMRC starts today! (2017). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2006. p. 47787. The mandate of Human Reproduction Update involves several roles: (i) to provide a synthesis of evidence that can aid scientists and clinicians in their daily work; WebThe article suggests that though narrative inquiry as a research methodology entails free conversations and personal stories, yet it should not be totally free and fictional as it has Webtheory and narrative inquiry (e.g., Bailey & Jackson, 20032005; Cohn et al. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D and Stroup DF (, 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and 3Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Answer a handful of multiple-choice questions to see which statistical method is best for your data. Also the excessive concentration in systematic reviews on odds ratios and relative risks is anachronistic, now that absolute differences and numbers needed to treat are the preferred measures of treatment effects (Sackett and Cook, 1994). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Inferences would adhere to the cited evidence and abstain from opinion. International encyclopaedia of education. Handbook of qualitative research. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. TESOL Quarterly (TQ) is one of the most respected publications in second and foreign language teaching, with an annual acceptance rate of 8% of all article submissions. It is a methodology in which the researcher attempts to illuminate the meanings of personal stories and events. Handbook of complementary methods in education research. Ellis C, Bochner AP. -, Pharm World Sci. 2009;103(2):6971. Review journals such as Human Reproduction Update have high impact factors because readers need and appreciate comprehensive, relevant, valid summaries that clearly synthesize scientific and clinical evidence. Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia USA, TESOL has more than 13,500 members from 140 countries. The paper describes the interview process and the suggested approach to analysis of narrative interviews, We draw on the example from a study that used series of narrative interviews about people's experiences of taking antidepressants. Narrative, organizations and research. 2012;12(271):211. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S117637. Soc Res. Los Angeles: Sage; 2008. 30. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901308. Int J Nurs Sci. doi: 10.1111/josi.12555. ), SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Int J Qual Methods. Sandton: Heinemann; 2002. p. 12938. The trustworthiness of results is the bedrock of high-quality qualitative research. WebThe objective is to develop adult student critical thinking (CT) skills to equip participants to be flexible in a world risk society. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by Educ Res. The method originated in 1990 and was introduced by Connelly and Clandinin (Lindsay & Schwind, 2016). 2006;63(7):192333. It explores key touchstones, which mark narrative inquiries, and points out current and anticipated methodological issues. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in "Narrative Inquiry." What was the role of the nurse in Australian hospitals in the 1960s? Narrative stories may explore personal characteristics or identities of individuals and how they view themselves in a personal or larger context. Permission may be need from not only the NU Institutional Review Board (IRB), but also the study site. WebThe following model in Figure 1 summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methodology. We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. This class contains APA formatting for each of my