Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Chien-lung Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. ", Dai, Yingcong. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. [citation needed]. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The rebels are all our own subjects. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. And so the war was waged. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. "White Lotus Rebellion A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. . It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Szczepanski, Kallie. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). . Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. 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