The table below indicates the salary of a Flying Officer in the RAF. . He became resigned to going home on an empty stomach. Up until the mid-1930s there was usually only one RAF officer in the rank of air chief marshal. Women's Auxiliary Air Force = Air Chief Commandant. Head of Military Strategic Commitments (201013), Head Capability Systems (200708), Air Commander Australia (200507), Commander Air Combat Group (200204), Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (1990), Air Commander Australia (19851990), Air Officer Commanding Logistics Command (198790), Director-General Air Force Health Services (198487), Air Officer Commanding Operational Command (198485), Deputy Chief of Air Force (1997), Air Officer Commanding Training Command (199293), Commander Tactical Fighter Group (198890), Air Officer Commanding Operational Command (198081), Head Force Design (201922), Air Commander Australia (201719), Head of Space Division (2022), Head of Air Force Capability (201921), Head Aerospace Systems Division (201619), Air Officer Commanding Operational Command (197478), Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (197374), Commander, RAAF Forces Vietnam (196970), Head of Capability Development (199798), Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (199497), Director-General RAAF Tactical Fighter Project (199296), Head Aerospace Systems Division (200508), Air Officer Commanding Support Command (198386), Surgeon-General Australian Defence Force (200105), Chief of Air Force Operations and Plans (198587), Air Officer Commanding Support Command (199700), Head Strategic Reform and Governance (2010?? As a Level 5 Apprenticeship, equivalent to a Foundation Degree, it is the highest. He began his career as a flying ace during the First World War, credited with five aerial victories. Cdm1 raf commanders series viscount trenchard air vice marshal macey (t) 16 sept 86 bfps 2114- 50th anniversary of the operational reorganisation of the raf . The table below indicates the salary of a Warrant Officer in the RAF Regiment. [1] The table below indicates the salary of an Air Commodore in the RAF. Marshal of the raf viscount trenchard. In the Royal New Zealand Air Force, the rank did not come into use until 1943 when Leonard Isitt was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in succession to a British air commodore who had been on loan service. The list of RAAF air vice-marshals includes Frank McNamara, the first Australian aviator to be decorated with the Victoria Cross (VC). ROYAL AIR FORCE R.af Air Vice Marshal Senior Offiziers Spitzenkappe Abzeichen & Rutschen - EUR 13,58. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], List of serving senior officers of the Royal Air Force, Richard Broadbridge, 5th Baron Broadbridge, Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Operations & Commitments), Head of British Defence Staff, United States, Commandant General, Royal Air Force Regiment, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Defence Engagement), Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Strategy), Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service, List of serving senior officers of the Royal Navy, List of serving senior officers of the Royal Marines, List of serving senior officers of the British Army, "Senior Personnel Posted to Allied Commands", "Senior Personnel with unknown or undefined appointments", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_serving_senior_officers_of_the_Royal_Air_Force&oldid=1142629363, Defence Senior Advisor to the Middle East, Director of Combat Air, Defence Equipment and Support, Director of Defence Support Transformation, Strategic Command, Director of Medical Personnel and Training, Defence Medical Services, Director of Defence Healthcare, Defence Medical Services, Senior Directing Staff (Air), Royal College of Defence Studies, Director of Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance, Strategic Command, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Support Operations), Director of Strategy and Defence Digitisation, Defence Digital, Assistant Chief of Staff (Personnel Delivery), Air Command, Commandant, Defence College of Technical Training, Director of Ground Training, No. | A | B | C | It includes currently serving air chief marshals, air marshals, air vice-marshals, and air commodores. The move made sense for practical reasons as well. The following is a list of Royal Air Force air chief marshals.The rank of air chief marshal is a four-star officer rank and currently the highest rank to which RAF officers may be promoted to in a professional capacity. . A-Z product search . temporary promotion 1 November 1939, rank retained on retirement 1 March 1942, Head of British Joint Services Mission, Washington DC, acting promotion 9 September 1939, rank relinquished 13 May 1940, retained the rank on retirement 1 October 1941, temporary promotion 1 July 1942, retained the rank on retirement 6 May 1945, promoted 1 November 1957, promoted marshal of the RAF 6 April 1962, promoted 1 March 1949, retired 15 October 1951, promoted 1 January 1929, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 January 1933, promoted 1 November 1968, promoted marshal of the RAF 31 March 1974, Deputy Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central Europe, temporary promotion 1 July 1942, substantive promotion 6 June 1945, promoted marshal of the RAF 12 September 1945, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 04:39. Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in . Only the five-star rank of Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force is higher, but it has been held in only a ceremonial capacity. from The New York Times: We became resigned to the fact survival in the Championship was probably the pinnacle for the club. from CNN: I became resigned to the fact that the name doesn't matter. This number of air chief marshals was to remain approximately constant throughout the Cold War but after the British defence cuts of the mid-1990s there were only two dedicated 4-star RAF posts, namely the AOC-in-C, Strike Command and the Chief of the Air Staff. The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 427 total. During World War II, with the great expansion of the RAF, the number of air chief marshals active at any one time peaked at nine during the War. - Y |. Not only. [1] The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure. 22 Group, Head of Project Strategy, Defence Digital, Head of Space Capability, Ministry of Defence, Student, Royal College of Defence Studies, Head of Air ISTAR, Defence Equipment and Support, Assistant Chief of Staff (Personnel Policy), Air Command, Assistant Chief of Staff (Capability Delivery, Air Mobility and Air Enablers), Air Command, Director of Operations and Engineering, NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency, Deputy UK National Military Representative to NATO, Air Officer, Air Communication and Information Systems, Chief of Staff (Air), Defence Equipment and Support, Head of Lightning II Delivery Team, Defence Equipment and Support, Head, Royal Air Force Support Services Programme, Head of Armed Forces Renumeration, Ministry of Defence, Assistant Chief of Staff (Operations), Air Command, Head of Regulation and Certification, Military Aviation Authority, Head of the Rapid Capabilities Office, Air Command, Assistant Chief of Staff (Capability Delivery, Combat Air), Air Command, Head of Training, Education, Skills, Recruitment and Resettlement, Ministry of Defence, Commander, Joint Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities Group, Head, Combat Air Acquisition Programme, Ministry of Defence, Head of Capability Special Projects and CBRN Capability, Strategic Command, Head of Joint User Cyber Effects, Strategic Command, Head of C4 and Joint User Information, Defence Digital, Deputy Commander, NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Force Command, Assistant Chief of Staff (Intelligence), Permanent Joint Headquarters, Head of Helicopters 3, Defence Equipment and Support, Head of Typhoon Support Team, Defence Equipment and Support, Senior Responsible Officer, Qatar Typhoon Programme, Assistant Chief of Staff (Capability Delivery, C2IAMD), Air Command, Head of Healthcare Plans, Defence Medical Services, Assistant Chief of Staff (Workforce Requirements and Recruiting), Air Command, Head of Strategy and Force Development, Strategic Command, Head of Financial Military Capability Plans, Ministry of Defence, Assistant Chief of Staff (Infrastructure), Air Command, Military Lead, Defence People Transformation, Assistant Chief of Staff (Capability Delivery, ISR), Air Command, Assistant Chief of Staff (Plans), Defence Digital, Commander, Standing Joint Logistic Support Group, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Deputy Commandant General, Royal Auxiliary Air Force, Director of Flying Training, No. Commenting on his appointment AVM Jones said: An Indian Air Force air vice-marshal's sleeve/shoulder insignia, A Namibian Air Force's air vice-marshal's rank insignia, A Royal Thai Air Force air vice-marshal's rank insignia. After a career spanning a mere 47 years, Taff now leaves the service for a well-earned retirement. Air Vice-Marshal Tim Jones, CBE, has been appointed the new Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans. AVM Elliot, who joined the Fund in April this year following a 35-year RAF career, has been named on the Queen's Birthday Honours List, announced yesterday. Amarasekera was a navigator attached to the RAF's Bomber Command. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! The service was modelled after the Royal Air Forceformed three years earlierand adopted the same ranking system. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the dress uniform or on the shoulders of the flying suit or working uniform. The . This number of air chief marshals was to remain approximately constant throughout the Cold War but after the British defence cuts of the mid-1990s there were only two dedicated 4-star RAF posts, namely the AOC-in-C, Strike Command and the Chief of the Air Staff. (April 2022 - March 2023), RANGE 5 Flight Lieutenant, 23 December 1941. May 1942 - January 1952. The following is a list of Royal Air Force air chief marshals. Courage. The table below indicates the salary of a Corporal in the RAF. BALL, Alfred Henry Wynne, F/L (33532) - No.1 PRU - Distinguished Flying Cross - awarded as per London Gazette dated 6 October 1942. H | I - K | L | The following chart indicates the number of serving air chief marshals by year, as counted on 1 January each year. AM - Air Marshal AVM - Air Vice-Marshal Cdt - Cadet Comdt RAFAC - Commandant RAF Air Cadets CWO - Cadet Warrant Officer CoS - Chief of Staff CAS - Chief of the Air Staff CDS - Chief of the Defence Staff Chf Tech - Chief Technicians CI - Civilian Instructor Comdt - Commandant CinC - Commander in Chief CoC - Chain of Command Cpl - Corporal The command flag of an air vice-marshal has two narrow red bands running through the centre. [15][16] Hammer has since been joined by Margaret Staib (2010),[17] Tracy Smart (2015), Cath Roberts (2016), Barbara Courtney (2021), and Wendy Blyth (2023). deceased, where details of living officers are included, the officers in Air Vice-Marshal Sir Charles Meredith (82511) Charles Warburton b: 23 Aug 1896 . Dismiss. Most Royal Air Force personnel belong to a squadron or unit, and all have a rank. Padded bullion embroidered Air rank officers cap badge with gilt albatross to 144963112156 from Vice: Everyone in the stadium took a seat and became resigned to enjoying a more conventional triumph. Air Vice-Marshal Maria Byford The Chief of Staff Personnel and Air Secretary's role is to manage the Royal Air Force's Servicemen and women and to provide the supporting policies to enable an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force. [14] The Australian Air Corps adopted the RAF rank system on 9 November 1920 and this usage was continued by its successor, the Royal Australian Air Force. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. For a list of foreign decoration . Air Vice-Marshal I. DUGUID OBE Air Vice-Marshal S.J. Air Vice-Marshal "Larry" Lamb, who has died aged 99, enjoyed two equally distinguished careers, as an RAF pilot and senior officer, and as an international rugby referee and sports administrator. Air Vice Marshal E. C. Bates CB, CBE, AFC, MID. Air Vice Marshal Guy Bearne. 1 service dress uniform, As of August2014[update], air vice-marshal was the highest uniformed military rank currently held by a woman in the British Armed Forces when Air Vice-Marshal Elaine West was awarded the position in August 2013.[13]. CB - 17 Mar 1941, DFC - 1 Jan 1919, MiD - 11 Jul 1940, Cwn, C & CdeG (P) - 15 Jul 1919. As of June 2018, only four officers have obtained the rank of air chief marshal in the RAAF, the first being Sir Frederick Scherger in 1965 who was also the first non-Army officer in the Australian military to reach four-star rank. Dismiss. The rank of air marshal is always held by the Chief of Air Force, though is also held when a RAAF officer is appointed as Vice Chief of the Defence Force, Chief of Joint Operations or Chief of Joint Capabilities. (OR-9) A. An Air Vice-Marshal is a rank in the Royal Air Force, between air commodore and air marshal, equivalent to an army major general. Sean, a retired RAF Air Vice-Marshal, but the intrepid little bear has not stood still since. Women's Royal Naval Service . Female air marshals of the Royal Air Force, Royal Air Force air marshals of the Gulf War, Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II, List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals, Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, Richard Broadbridge, 5th Baron Broadbridge, Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Royal_Air_Force_air_marshals&oldid=975189876, Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 301600 pages, CatAutoTOC generates standard Category TOC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 August 2020, at 07:37. Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. His previous MOD roles include: Defence Intelligence Staff and MOD Directorate of Strategic Plans Chief of Combat Operations in the. [17] In the Indonesian Air Force the equivalent rank is marsekal muda (literally "junior marshal") which is usually translated as air vice-marshal in English. This is an unusual rank in the RAF in that holders of Warrant Officer status were addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am" by Other Ranks, and addressed as "Mr", "Miss" or "Mrs" by Commissioned Officers. Air Vice Marshal Guy "Smokey" Bearne. The table below indicates the salary of a Chief Technician and a Flight Sergeant in the RAF. [6] A further twenty-two individuals have reached air marshal in the RAAF and 137 air vice-marshal; seven officers have retired with the honorary rank of air vice-marshal.[7][8]. Air Vice-Marshal R E Saul. Born in India, 18 January 1921. (OR-7 - OR-8) Canadian air vice-marshals then became major-generals. It includes currently serving air chief marshals, air marshals, air vice-marshals, and air commodores.[1][2]. 1K followers 500+ connections. Meredith Thomas. b: 16 Apr 1891 r: 29 Jun 1944 d: 30 Nov 1965. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. . Air Vice-Marshal A A Case (37035) Albert Avion b: 5 Apr 1916 . February 1939 - January 1940. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The rank of air vice-marshal is also used by a number of the air forces in the Commonwealth, including the Bangladesh Air Force,[15] Ghana Air Force, Indian Air Force (IAF),[16] Namibian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force (PAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) where it has been the rank held by the Chief of the Air Staff (now known as the Chief of Air Force) since 1943. He has flown 87 types of aircraft and has over 5,100 flying hours under his belt. List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals, Commandant Royal College of Defence Studies, Commandant of the Imperial Defence College, Air Member for Development and Production, UK Military Representative, NATO Military Committee, British Joint Services Mission (Washington), List of United States Air Force four-star generals, List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals, "Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Bowhill", Royal Air Force Air Rank Appointments List 04/10, "Marshal of the RAF Lord Cameron of Balhousie", "Air Chief Marshal The Hon Sir Ralph Cochrane", Royal Air Force Air Rank Appointments List 06/08, "Marshal of the RAF Lord Douglas of Kirtleside", "Marshal of the RAF Sir Edward Ellington", "Marshal of the RAF The Lord Elworthy of Timaru", "Air Chief Marshal Sir Philip Joubert de la Ferte", "Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt", "RAF chief Sir Christopher Moran dies after triathlon", "Marshal of the RAF The Lord Newall of Clifton upon Dunsmoor", "Air Marshal Sir Stuart Peach appointed first Commander Joint Forces Command", "Marshal of the RAF Viscount Portal of Hungerford", "Air Chief Marshal Sir Alisdair Steedman", "Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy retires", "Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton", "Air Chief Marshal Sir John Whitworth-Jones", "Princess Anne gets military promotion as she celebrates 70th birthday", Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Air Chief Marshals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Royal_Air_Force_air_chief_marshals&oldid=1140868673, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, temporary promotion 1 November 1939, acting promotion 1 July 1942, retained the rank on retirement 29 March 1945, promoted 1 January 1956, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 January 1958, promoted 18 January 1951, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 June 1954, promoted 6 June 1945, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 January 1946, promoted 1 April 1964, retired 6 June 1966, promoted 1 January 1933, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 January 1937, Chairman of the British Joint Services Mission in Washington, promoted 1 September 1962, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 April 1967, Permanent RAF Representative on the UN Military Staff Committee, acting promotion 18 March 1943, temporary promotion 16 August 1944, promoted marshal of the RAF 1 January 1946, promoted 1 December 1970, promoted marshal of the RAF 6 August 1976. promoted 15 May 1951 (seniority dated from 1 April 1951). BURKE Air Commodore P.E. (OR-2 - OR-3) 19 Sep 1927: Attended RAF Staff College. Throughout the history of the RAF there have been 140 RAF officers promoted to air chief marshal and at present only one RAF officer holds the rank in an active capacity. An RAF air vice-marshal's command flag. It was constructed on site of Fort Clinton on West Point overlooking the Hudson, which Colonial General Benedict Arnold conspired to turn over to the British during the Revolutionary War.The entire central campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to scores of . Throughout the history of the RAF there have been 140 RAF officers promoted to air chief marshal and at present only one RAF officer holds the rank in an active capacity. The vehicle star plate for an air vice-marshal depicts two white stars (air vice-marshal is a two-star rank) on an air force blue background. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). The rank of air vice-marshal is immediately senior to the rank air commodore and immediately subordinate to the rank of air marshal. March 1, 2023, at 6:37 p.m. British RAF Chief Calls It 'Unacceptable' for China to Recruit Western Military Pilots. from Vice: At a certain point, the . Please note, pay scales are update annually and the figures below are as accurate as possible. The following is a list of Australians who have attained air marshal rank within the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF); that is, service personnel who have held the rank of air chief marshal (four-star rank), air marshal (three-star rank) or air vice marshal (two-star rank). [3][14] As of January 2023, six women have reached air vice-marshal rank. 21 Mar 1940: Granted a Commission in the RAFVR. An RAF air vice-marshal's sleeve mess insignia, An RAF air vice-marshal's sleeve on No. Peter Dye, a retired RAF air vice marshal, sheds light on the achievements of a far-sighted and much maligned air pioneer and senior commander. The rank was first used in 1922 when Sir Hugh Trenchard the then Chief of the Air Staff was promoted. 5 See also. The Admiralty objected to any use of their rank titles, including this modified form, and so an alternative proposal was put forward: air officer ranks would be based on the term "ardian", which was derived from a combination of the Gaelic words for "chief" (ard) and "bird" (eun), with the term "third ardian" or "squadron ardian" being used for the equivalent to rear admiral and major general. ROYAL AIR FORCE CONTENTS LIST 1. After taking his degree at King's College London in 1988, Legood worked in the City for 2 years before training for the priesthood. The rank of air chief marshal is the most senior rank within the Royal Australian Air Force to which, excluding ceremonial appointments, any officer has ever been promoted. Air Staff, HQ Coastal Command. In recognition of the unprecedented peacetime support given by RAF reservist employers and their reservists during this challenging year, Air Vice-Marshal Ranald Munro, Commandant General Royal . 21 Mar . Post WW2 Air Officer's uniform. During World War II, with the great expansion of the RAF, the number of air chief marshals active at any one time rose to six by the end of the War. ZU VERKAUFEN! The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare and space force. Program Manager, New Air Combat Capability (201114), Head of Australian Defence Staff, Washington D.C. (200811), Director-General Air Force Operations and PLans (197677), Director-General Air Force Manpower (198587). Air Force Headquarters (AFHQ) provides strategic leadership to the Air Force and provides policy guidance for Air Force activities to the rest of Defence and Government. A Hellenic Air Force Ypopterarchos's (air vice-marshal) rank insignia. The table below indicates the salary of a Wing Commander in the RAF. 21 years ago today, on 7 Feb 02, I graduated as an Officer from the RAF College Cranwell. [3] The following officers were the first to be appointed to the rank, and their former service ranks are also shown: The rank insignia consists of a narrow light blue band (on a slightly wider black band) over a light blue band on a broad black band. Chief of Air Force Warrant Officer of the Air Force Deputy Chief of Air Force Defence Space Commander Head of Air Force Capability Air Commander Flying Officer, 23 December 1940. An up-to-date pay scales for the Royal Air Force in 2023. The Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment (CG RAF Regt) is the Royal Air Force commander of the RAF Regiment.The post was established in January 1942 immediately prior to the creation of the RAF Regiment. Attended Flying Boat Pilots' Course, RAF Base Calshot. 14th June 2021 at 10:55am. The table below indicates the salary of a Group Captain in the RAF. Aircraftman, The Definitive Listing of UK Defence Suppliers, Get your company seen by Defence Industry Buyers Worldwide. Additionally, RAF officers appointed to British four-star rotational posts hold the rank of air chief marshal and currently Sir Stuart Peach, the Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff, is the only RAF officer in such a post. However, the rank of air vice-marshal was not used by the Australian Armed Forces until 1935 when Richard Williams, the Australian Chief of the Air Staff, was promoted. Compare this with the next rank up which is "marsekal madya" (literally "middle marshal") which is usually translated as air marshal in English. Life Of Air Vice Marshal John Howe Cb Cbe Afc link that we manage to pay for here and check out the link. [13] The list of RAAF air vice-marshals includes Frank McNamara, the first Australian aviator to be decorated with the Victoria Cross (VC). In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy's officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. non-ceremonial) capacity. What is an Air Vice-Marshal? In other NATO forces, such as the United States Armed Forces and the Canadian Armed Forces, the equivalent two-star rank is major general. The rank of air chief marshal is a four-star officer rank and currently the highest rank to which RAF officers may be promoted to in a professional capacity. Origins On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with officers at what is now air vice-marshal level holding the rank of major-general. Royal Air Force (RAF) Pay scales from Armed Forces, How much do the RAF get paid, Royal Air Force Pay Review 2022-2023 - armedforces.co.uk. In 2007 with the reduction to a single command (Air Command) the RAF initially retained two air chief marshal posts (the AOC-in-C, Air Command and the Chief of the Air Staff) but in 2012 the post of AOC-in-C, Air Command was subsumed within the responsibilities of the Chief of the Air Staff leaving only a single dedicated RAF air chief marshal post. Bertie has travelled the world and met lots of interesting people, reporting back to Marjorie and keeping her connected with the RAF family. NRA 44837 Jean Lennox Bird, first woman pilot in the RAF: papers NRA 44843 Sir Norman Howard Bottomley, Knight, Air Chief Marshal: papers . This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. The first Royal Australian Air Force air vice-marshal was Richard Williams in 1935;[4] he was followed by Stanley GobleWilliams' successor all three times he held the position of Chief of the Air Stafftwo years later. Royal Air Force use and history Origins. [1] [2] Air Chief Marshals [ change | change source] . The Royal Malaysian Air Force used the rank until the late 1970s when it was replaced with mejar jeneral (major-general) in similar fashion as Canada with army-type ranks.
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