I. Chem. The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. Obshch. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, [citation needed]. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. heat [1] 3. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Deshpande, D.D. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. Ber. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. Kolosovskii, N.A. Gorbunova, N.I. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. Am. Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Heats of combustion of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, and styrene, J. NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. Bunsenges. *** Very flammable. Teplofiz. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Risk of ignition. [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. We don't collect information from our users. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. Chem. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. ; Tupman, W.I. Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). Czarnota, I., Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. Reaxys Registry Number. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Heats of formation and chemical compositions . As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. 5. II., Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Zhur. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials. [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . Hence it floats onwater. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Int. Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Ber. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. The aromatic compounds. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. 125129. In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Tohoku Imp. [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 Are fluid 5. aggravated assault charge. Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. National Institutes of Health. ; Hepler, L.G., Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group. phys. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. Vesely, F.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. Have high density 4. This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, Soc. Chem. [78] IARC rated benzene as "known to be carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? Have no definite shape 2. Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 2282-2291. National Institute of Standards and ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. We don't save this data. Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 Die aromatischen Verbindungen. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. J. Ferguson, A.; Miller, J.T., Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Gorbunova, N.I. In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Water is less resistant to temperature change than ethyl alcohol. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero". Specific Heat The specific heat for some commonly used liquids and fluids is given in the table below. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. ; Blanchard, E.R. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. Specific heat of liquids. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. [56] The CC bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). Grolier, J.-P.E. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Good, W.D. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, [47][48] It was the German chemist Carl Grbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they accumulate in the urine in proportion to the extent and duration of exposure, and they may still be present for some days after exposure has ceased. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Richards, W.T. Zhur. [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 Structure and properties. Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: Using a precise scanning-microcalorimetric technique, the heat-capacity difference between water and an aqueous solution of benzene or of toluene has been measured for a broad temperature range (from 278 to 413 K) under excess pressure, and the partial specific heat capacity of these solutes has been determined. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. ; Nikolaev, P.N., Willams, J.W. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 Chem. at 1 atm: botling point = 80. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) [all data], Wilhelm, Grolier, et al., 1977 Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 Chim. Sci. National Library of Medicine. Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. ; Udovenko, W.W., Table 7.2. [all data], Hyder Khan and Subrahmanyam, 1971 Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. J. Chem. ; Grigoriev, V.A. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Staveley, L.A.K. Obshch. In 1870, the German chemist . Thermal data on organic compounds. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Kooner, Z.S. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, Monatsh. In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Due to partial or complete lack of data the classification is not possible. GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Fiock, E.F.; Ginnings, D.C.; Holton, W.B., Data compilation copyright Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). *** Very flammable. [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 . NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. [100] About 50% of the entire nationwide (United States) exposure to benzene results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. the Chem. Thermochim. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. Toluene is also processed into benzene. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. ; Everett, D.H., Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry). Where Q = quantity of heat, c = specif heat of benzene, m = mass of benzene, t = initial temperature, t = final temperature.